RedLine Stealer: Answers to Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz

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Executive Summary

Earlier this month, our quiz Crossing the Line: Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz for RedLine Stealer introduced a packet capture (pcap) from July 2023 with a RedLine Stealer infection. This article provides answers to the quiz, and it offers a more in-depth look at RedLine Stealer traffic.

If you would like to review this material without any answers, please see our previous post announcing the standalone quiz.

Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from RedLine Stealer and other malware through Cortex XDR and our Next-Generation Firewall with Cloud-Delivered Security Services that include WildFire and Advanced Threat Prevention.

Scenario, Requirements and Quiz Material
Local Area Network (LAN) Details
Quiz Questions
Quiz Answers
Pcap Analysis: Victim Details
Pcap Analysis: Malicious Web Traffic
Pcap Analysis: RedLine Stealer Data Exfiltration
Conclusion
Indicators of Compromise
Additional Resources

Scenario, Requirements and Quiz Material

Traffic for this quiz occurred in an Active Directory (AD) environment during July 2023. Details of the Local Area Network (LAN) environment for the pcap follow.

Local Area Network (LAN) Details

LAN segment range: 10.7.10[.]0/24 (10.7.10[.]1 through 10.7.10[.]255)
Domain: coolweathercoat[.]com
Domain controller IP address: 10.7.10[.]9
Domain controller hostname: WIN-S3WT6LGQFVX
LAN segment gateway: 10.7.10[.]1
LAN segment broadcast address: 10.7.10[.]255

This quiz requires Wireshark, and we recommend using the latest version, since it has more features, capabilities and bug fixes over previous versions.

We also recommend readers customize their Wireshark display to better analyze web traffic. A list of tutorials and videos is available. As always, we recommend using Wireshark in a non-Windows environment like BSD, Linux or macOS when analyzing malicious Windows-based traffic.

To obtain the pcap, visit our GitHub repository, download the July 2023 ZIP archive and extract the pcap. Use infected as the password to unlock the ZIP archive.

Quiz Questions

For this RedLine Stealer infection, we ask participants to answer the following questions previously described in our standalone quiz post.

What is the date and time in UTC the infection started?
What is the IP address of the infected Windows client?
What is the MAC address of the infected Windows client?
What is the hostname of the infected Windows client?
What is the user account name from the infected Windows host?
What type of information did this RedLine Stealer try to steal?

Quiz Answers

Answers for this Wireshark quiz follow:

The infection started on July 10, 2023, at 22:39 UTC.
Infected Windows client IP address: 10.7.10[.]47
Infected Windows client MAC address: 80:86:5b:ab:1e:c4
Infected Windows hostname: DESKTOP-9PEA63H
Infected Windows client IP user account name: rwalters
Information RedLine malware attempted to steal:
- Various types of files on the victim’s desktop
- Various types of files in the victim’s Documents folder
- User data for Chrome, Chromium, Edge, Opera, Vivaldi and various other web browsers
- Data for various cryptocurrency wallets and browser plugins for those cryptocurrency wallets
- API keys and login credentials from other applications

Pcap Analysis: Victim Details

The following analysis uses Wireshark customized from our tutorials. Applying the basic web filter reveals a single internal IP address at 10.7.10[.]47 as the only source IP address, as shown below in Figure 1. Using the frame details, we can correlate this source IP with a MAC address at 80:86:5b:ab:1e:c4.

Image 1 is a screenshot of Wireshark. Highlighted in a black box in the Source column are the source addresses. A black arrow points to “basic” filter. Highlighted in a second black box on the bottom is a second address. — Figure 1. Determining the victim’s IP address and MAC address in Wireshark.

Determine the victim’s hostname by filtering on NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS) traffic. Use the Wireshark filter nbns to find DESKTOP-9PEA63H, as shown below in Figure 2.

Image 2 is a screenshot of Wireshark. A green box indicates that the traffic filter is NBNS. Black arrows in the traffic window indicate DESKTOP-9PEA63H in the info column. Black arrows in the bottom window indicate the queries, name and address. — Figure 2. Determining the victim’s Windows hostname from NBNS traffic in Wireshark.

Verify the victim’s hostname and Windows user account name through Kerberos authentication traffic. Filter on kerberos.CNameString to find the Windows user account name rwalters, as shown below in Figure 3.

Image 3 is a screenshot of Wireshark. A green box indicates the traffic filter is set to kerberos.CNameString. A black outline draws the eye to the CNameString column. A black arrow points to rwalters at the bottom of this column. — Figure 3. Determining the victim’s Windows user account name from Kerberos traffic in our customized Wireshark setup.

Pcap Analysis: Malicious Web Traffic

Go back to the basic web filter to find three unencrypted HTTP GET requests in our pcap as shown below in Figure 4. Two of the GET requests are to 623start[.]site. The other GET request is a URL to hxxp://guiatelefonos[.]com/data/czx.jpg.

Image 4 is a screenshot of Wireshark. A black arrow indicates the basic filter has been applied. Surrounded by a black outline are three lines in the Dst, port, Host and Info columns. These are the unencrypted HTTP GET requests. — Figure 4. Three unencrypted HTTP GET requests seen in the web traffic.

Unencrypted HTTP GET requests not caused by the operating system are worth investigating. Follow the TCP stream for either of the HTTP GET requests to 623start[.]site. This should appear as TCP stream 68, and the User-Agent line in the HTTP request headers indicate this traffic was issued through Windows PowerShell as shown below in Figure 5.

Image 5 is a screenshot of Wireshark’s TCP stream window. Indicated by the black arrows pointing to the red text is the HTTP GET requests that both show PowerShell in the User-Agent line. — Figure 5. TCP stream showing probable PowerShell-generated traffic.

While User-Agent strings can be spoofed by malware or web browser extensions, WindowsPowerShell in the User-Agent line is a reliable indicator that this traffic was generated by a PowerShell script. URLs for these two HTTP GET requests are:

hxxp://623start[.]site/?status=start&av=Windows%20Defender
hxxp://623start[.]site/?status=install

These requests both returned a 404 HTTP Error from the server. The first HTTP request reported an antivirus used on the victim host. In this case, av=Windows%20Defender indicates Windows Defender is the antivirus. The second URL reports an install status for this malware.

In our pcap, the last unencrypted HTTP GET request is hxxp://guiatelefonos[.]com/data/czx.jpg. Follow the TCP stream for this GET request. The TCP stream reveals this URL redirected to an HTTPS version of the same URL as shown below in Figure 6.

Image 6 is a screenshot of Wireshark’s TCP stream window. A black arrow points to the HTTP URL. The second black arrow points to the location line, which is the URL of a JPEG. This URL has been reported as a RedLine stealer malware binary. — Figure 6. HTTP URL to guiatelefonos[.]com redirected to an HTTPS URL.

hxxps://guiatelefonos[.]com/data/czx.jpg has been reported to URLhaus as hosting a RedLine Stealer malware binary, and this specific RedLine Stealer malware binary is associated with the URL.

Pcap Analysis: RedLine Stealer Data Exfiltration

Command and Control (C2) traffic for RedLine Stealer uses TCP traffic over an ephemeral port. To find this traffic in our pcap, use the following Wireshark filter:

tcp.flags eq 0x0002 and !(tcp.port eq 443) and !(tcp.port eq 80) and !(ip.dst eq 10.7.10.0/24)

This filter searches for TCP SYN segments that represent the start of a TCP stream. The search excludes any web traffic over TCP port 80 and TCP port 443. This filter also excludes any SYN segments sent to the internal IP addresses from this AD environment. The result reveals a single TCP SYN segment sent to 194.26.135[.]119 over TCP port 12432 as shown below in Figure 7.

Image 7 is a Wireshark screen screenshot set to a specific filter to find the RedLine stealer command and control traffic. — Figure 7. Finding the Redline Stealer C2 traffic in Wireshark.

Follow the TCP stream to examine post-infection traffic from this RedLine Stealer infection. The window should show TCP stream 71 as shown below in Figure 8.

Image 8 is a screenshot of the TCP stream window in Wireshark, showing the command and control traffic for RedLine stealer that is generated by the infection. — Figure 8. TCP stream for Redline Stealer C2 traffic generated by this infection.

In Figure 8, initial strings from the TCP stream include the C2 channel at tcp://194.26.135[.]119:12432/ and URLs using tempuri[.]org. The term “tempuri” is short for “temporary URI,” and the domain tempuri[.]org is a placeholder namespace URI used in Microsoft development tools like Visual Studio. This tempuri domain is not seen in any other traffic from our RedLine Stealer infection.

To better understand what this RedLine Stealer sample is looking for, select data sent from the server to the infected Windows host as shown below in Figure 9.

Image 9 is a screenshot of the TCP stream window in Wireshark. This is status sent from the command and control server to the infected Windows host. — Figure 9. TCP stream viewing data sent from the C2 server to the infected Windows host.

Data from the RedLine C2 server is requesting various types of user information from the victim’s host. Figure 10 highlights data this infection is looking for under the victim’s user profile.

Figure 10. Information searched for under the victim’s user profile.

The list includes wildcard searches on the victim’s desktop and the victim’s Documents folder. This includes text files, Word documents and cryptocurrency wallet files as shown below.

%userprofile%Desktop|*.txt,*.doc*,*key*,*wallet*,*seed*|0
%userprofile%Documents|*.txt,*.doc*,*key*,*wallet*,*seed*|0

The list then indicates data from different applications, based on their expected locations under the victim’s AppData directory in their user profile. The list is shown below in alphabetical order.

%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocal360BrowserBrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocal7Star7StarUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalAmigoUserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalBattle.net
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalBraveSoftwareBrave-BrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalCatalinaGroupCitrioUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalCentBrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalChedotUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalChromiumUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalChromodoUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalCocCocBrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalComodoDragonUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalComodoUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalCoowonCoowonUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalCryptoTab BrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalElements BrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalEpic Privacy BrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalFenrir IncSleipnir5settingmodulesChromiumViewer
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalGoogle(x86)ChromeUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalGoogleChromeUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalIridiumUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalK-MelonUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalKometaUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalliebaoUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalMail.RuAtomUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalMapleStudioChromePlusUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalMaxthon3User Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalMicrosoftEdgeUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalNichromeUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalNVIDIA CorporationNVIDIA GeForce Experience
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalOrbitumUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalQIP SurfUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalSputnikSputnikUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalSteam
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalTorchUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocaluCozMediaUranUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalUranUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalVivaldiUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalYandexYandexBrowserUser Data
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoaming8pecxstudiosCyberfox
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingComodoIceDragon
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingK-Meleon
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingMoonchild ProductionsPale Moon
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingMozillaFirefox
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingNETGATE TechnologiesBlackHaw
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingOpera Software
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingThunderbird
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingWaterfox

Scroll down a little further, and we find what appears to be various cryptocurrency wallets this infection looked for as shown below in Figure 11. The data includes identifiers for extensions used by Chromium-based web browsers like Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge.

Image 11 is a screenshot of the TCP stream window in Wireshark. The data displayed are cryptocurrency wallet programs and their associated browser extensions. — Figure 11. Data on cryptocurrency wallet programs and their associated browser extensions.

These cryptocurrency wallet browser extensions are listed below, sorted alphabetically by wallet name. (Read: Chromium-based extension string|extension name.)

fhilaheimglignddkjgofkcbgekhenbh|AtomicWallet
fhbohimaelbohpjbbldcngcnapndodjp|BinanceChain
fihkakfobkmkjojpchpfgcmhfjnmnfpi|BitAppWallet
aodkkagnadcbobfpggfnjeongemjbjca|BoltX
odbfpeeihdkbihmopkbjmoonfanlbfcl|BraveWallet
aeachknmefphepccionboohckonoeemg|Coin98Wallet
hnfanknocfeofbddgcijnmhnfnkdnaad|Coinbase
blnieiiffboillknjnepogjhkgnoapac|EqualWallet
hpglfhgfnhbgpjdenjgmdgoeiappafln|GuardaWallet
nanjmdknhkinifnkgdcggcfnhdaammmj|GuildWallet
fnnegphlobjdpkhecapkijjdkgcjhkib|HarmonyWallet
kncchdigobghenbbaddojjnnaogfppfj|iWallet
cjelfplplebdjjenllpjcblmjkfcffne|JaxxxLiberty
pdadjkfkgcafgbceimcpbkalnfnepbnk|KardiaChain
kpfopkelmapcoipemfendmdcghnegimn|LiqualityWallet
dngmlblcodfobpdpecaadgfbcggfjfnm|MaiarDeFiWallet
afbcbjpbpfadlkmhmclhkeeodmamcflc|MathWallet
nkbihfbeogaeaoehlefnkodbefgpgknn|Metamask
nlbmnnijcnlegkjjpcfjclmcfggfefdm|MewCx
lpfcbjknijpeeillifnkikgncikgfhdo|NamiWallet
jbdaocneiiinmjbjlgalhcelgbejmnid|NiftyWallet
fhilaheimglignddkjgofkcbgekhenbh|Oxygen
mgffkfbidihjpoaomajlbgchddlicgpn|PaliWallet
bfnaelmomeimhlpmgjnjophhpkkoljpa|Phantom
fnjhmkhhmkbjkkabndcnnogagogbneec|RoninWallet
nkddgncdjgjfcddamfgcmfnlhccnimig|SaturnWallet
aiifbnbfobpmeekipheeijimdpnlpgpp|TerraStation
cgeeodpfagjceefieflmdfphplkenlfk|TonCrystal
ibnejdfjmmkpcnlpebklmnkoeoihofec|Tronlink
amkmjjmmflddogmhpjloimipbofnfjih|Wombat
hmeobnfnfcmdkdcmlblgagmfpfboieaf|XdefiWallet
ffnbelfdoeiohenkjibnmadjiehjhajb|YoroiWallet

Scroll to the end of the stream, and we find this infection searches for API keys and login data for other programs that might be installed on the host as shown below in Figure 12.

Image 12 is a screenshot of the TCP stream window in Wireshark. The data displayed are API keys and other sensitive data. — Figure 12. Data search includes API keys and other sensitive data associated with various applications.

This list includes various cloud platforms, social media applications, and miscellaneous tools. An alphabetically-sorted list follows.

ALGOLIA_API_KEY
AMAZON_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
AMAZON_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
AZURE_CLIENT_ID
AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET
AZURE_PASSWORD
AZURE_USERNAME
binance_api
binance_secret
BITTREX_API_KEY
BITTREX_API_SECRET
CF_PASSWORD
CF_USERNAME
CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD
CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD
CI_DEPLOY_USER
CI_DEPLOY_USER
CI_JOB_JWT
CI_JOB_JWT_V2
CI_JOB_TOKEN
CIRCLE_TOKEN
CODECLIMATE_REPO_TOKEN
CONSUMER_KEY
CONSUMER_SECRET
COVERALLS_REPO_TOKEN
DIGITALOCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN
DOCKER_EMAIL
DOCKER_PASSWORD
DOCKER_USERNAME
DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD
FACEBOOK_ACCESS_TOKEN
FACEBOOK_APP_ID
FACEBOOK_APP_SECRET
FIREBASE_TOKEN
FOSSA_API_KEY
GH_ENTERPRISE_TOKEN
GH_TOKEN
GITLAB_USER_LOGIN
GOOGLE_API_KEY
GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS
HEROKU_API_KEY
HEROKU_API_USER
MAILGUN_API_KEY
MCLI_PRIVATE_API_KEY
MCLI_PUBLIC_API_KEY
MSI_ENDPOINT
MSI_SECRET
NGROK_AUTH_TOKEN
NGROK_TOKEN
NPM_AUTH_TOKEN
OKTA_AUTHN_GROUPID
OKTA_CLIENT_ORGURL
OKTA_CLIENT_TOKEN
OKTA_OAUTH2_CLIENTID
OKTA_OAUTH2_CLIENTSECRET
OS_PASSWORD
OS_USERNAME
PERCY_TOKEN
SAUCE_ACCESS_KEY
SAUCE_USERNAME
SENTRY_AUTH_TOKEN
SLACK_TOKEN
square_access_token
square_oauth_secret
STRIPE_API_KEY
STRIPE_DEVICE_NAME
SURGE_LOGIN
SURGE_TOKEN
TOKEN
TRAVIS_OS_NAME
TRAVIS_SECURE_ENV_VARS
TRAVIS_SUDO
TWILIO_ACCOUNT_SID
VAULT_CLIENT_KEY
VAULT_TOKEN
VULTR_ACCESS
VULTR_SECRET

Next, switch the TCP stream window to view data sent from the infected host to the server. This reveals indicators that a screenshot of the infected victim’s Windows desktop was sent to the C2 server as shown below in Figure 13.

Image 13 is a screenshot of the TCP stream window in Wireshark. There is an option to select an entire conversation or two other options of various file sizes, and the final third option one is selected. The black arrow pointing to the left indicates the part of the data that is a screenshot of the infected victim’s desktop, and where it starts in the stream. — Figure 13. Data exfiltrated from the infected Windows host includes a screenshot of the victim’s desktop.

We can extract the screenshot from this traffic. First, show the data from the infected Windows host to the C2 server as “Raw,” then save it, as shown below in Figure 14.

Image 14 is a screenshot of the TCP stream window in Wireshark. The black arrow on the left indicates the part of the data to be saved, the black arrow in the middle indicates that the data should be raw, and the arrow on the right indicates to choose “Save As.” — Figure 14. Saving raw data from infected host to C2 server in the TCP stream window.

Open the saved binary in a hex editor, and delete everything before the PNG image file starts as shown below in Figure 15.

Figure 14. Saving raw data from infected host to C2 server in the TCP stream window. — Figure 15. Carving the saved binary in a hex editor.

Save the edited file under a new name using the file extension .png. The first byte of your newly saved file should be 0x89. This newly saved file still contains other non-image data, but we can see the screenshot with an image viewer as shown below in Figure 16.

Image of 16 is a screenshot image from the infected Windows host. The screenshot is a PowerShell window with the data from a web traffic connection. — Figure 16. Viewing the screenshot image from the infected Windows host.

In Figure 16, the screenshot reveals a PowerShell window with data from a web traffic connection.

After reviewing the image, return to the TCP stream (tcp.stream eq 71), view it as ASCII data and select traffic only going from the infected Windows host to the C2 server. Scroll to the end to review additional data sent to the C2 server.

Knowing a little more about the infected Windows host will help us better understand this data. The infected Windows host was a minimal installation, and it only had one set of login credentials stored in the Microsoft Edge browser. The host had just one Word document stored in the user’s Documents folder. The file was named Top_secret_ducment.docx.

Near the end of this TCP stream we find a list of running processes as shown below in Figure 17. We can also find hardware information from the infected host, login credentials from the Edge browser, and the file named Top_secret_ducment.docx.

Image 17 is a screenshot of the TCP stream in Wireshark. Outlined in a black box at the top of the screenshot are the running processes. Indicated by a black arrow is the hardware info. Underneath this, outlined in a black box and indicated by an arrow are the login credentials from the Microsoft Edge browser. Underlined in black and indicated by an arrow is the only Microsoft Word document on the infected host. — Figure 17. Running processes, hardware info, login credentials, and Word document exfiltrated from the infected Windows host.

The running process list in Figure 17 also reveals a process for powershell.exe running a file at C:UsersrwaltersDocumentsmystery_file.ps1. That .ps1 file generated the infection traffic for this Wireshark quiz.

Conclusion

This post provides answers and analysis for our Unit 42 Wireshark quiz featuring a RedLine Stealer infection from July 2023. We now have a better idea of the information this malware looks for, and the types of data it sends from an infected host. RedLine Stealer is important to identify and stop, because it targets sensitive information like login credentials and cryptocurrency wallet info.

Since many security professionals lack access to full packet capture, they may also lack experience with RedLine Stealer and other malware traffic. Training material like this Wireshark quiz is designed to help. Pcap analysis is a very useful skill when investigating a malware infection.

You can read the original post, without answers, from our standalone quiz post.

If you think you might have been compromised or have an urgent matter, get in touch with the Unit 42 Incident Response team or call:

North America Toll-Free: 866.486.4842 (866.4.UNIT42)
EMEA: +31.20.299.3130
APAC: +65.6983.8730
Japan: +81.50.1790.0200

Palo Alto Networks has shared these findings, including file samples and indicators of compromise, with our fellow Cyber Threat Alliance (CTA) members. CTA members use this intelligence to rapidly deploy protections to their customers and to systematically disrupt malicious cyber actors. Learn more about the Cyber Threat Alliance.

Indicators of Compromise

Traffic from the pcap related to the RedLine Stealer infection:

hxxp://623start[.]site/?status=start&av=
hxxp://623start[.]site/?status=install
hxxp://guiatelefonos[.]com/data/czx.jpg
hxxps://guiatelefonos[.]com/data/czx.jpg
tcp://194.26.135[.]119:12432/

Files associated with traffic from this RedLine Stealer infection:

SHA256 hash: f754d7674a3a74969cccb7d834c99b72b9f79c29dc8d0e9c15854a6bfb1a9c97
File size: 800 bytes
File name: SECT_v4.ps1
File description: PowerShell script used to kick off the RedLine Stealer infection
Sample available at MalwareBazaar Database
SHA256 hash: 3c42b93801f02696487de64bb623f81cf7baf73a379a46e1459ca19ae7dc2454
File size: 348,160 bytes
File location: hxxps://guiatelefonos[.]com/data/czx.jpg
File description: Windows executable file for RedLine Stealer
Sample available at MalwareBazaar Database

Additional Resources

Wireshark Tutorial: Wireshark Workshop Videos Now Available – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz, January 2023 – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Answers to January 2023 Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz, February 2023 – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Answers to February 2023 Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Finding Gozi: Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz, March 2023 – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Finding Gozi: Answers to Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz, March 2023 – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Cold as Ice: Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz for IcedID – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
Cold as Ice: Answers to Unit 42 Wireshark Quiz for IcedID – Unit 42, Palo Alto Networks
New Redline Password Stealer Malware – Proofpoint Threat Insight, March 2020
2023-03-02: Rig EK –> malware loader –> Redline Stealer – malware-traffic-analysis.net
Malicious AI Tool Ads Used to Deliver Redline Stealer – Trend Micro Research, May 2023
Do Not Cross The ‘RedLine’ Stealer: Detections and Analysis – Splunk Threat Research Team, June 2023

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Source: https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wireshark-quiz-redline-stealer-answers/

Tags: PASSWORD, EXFILTRATION, FIREWALL, SOCIAL MEDIA, TOOL, WINDOWS, ACTIVE DIRECTORY, LEARN